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GOMD / COP31 GUIDE

COP31 Antalya: calendar, agenda and evidence

The conference programme, action agenda and negotiating procedure in one place, with the platform’s source-linked data for every thematic day and priority area.

Ocean day · 17 November Draft a policy note
15 days to go · opens 9 November 2026

Next COP31 pre-sessional week · Antalya · 2–8 November

9–20 November 2026Conference dates · 12 days
Antalya EXPOBlue Zone + Green Zone campus
~100,000Expected participants (Blue and Green Zones)
Turkiye · AustraliaHost and COP31 President · President of negotiations
Pre-COP · Fiji5–8 October 2026, Pacific
Law No. 7591Host Country Agreement (HCA), 30 July 2026

From Bonn to Antalya

The international calendar leading to COP31, marked against today’s date.

  1. 8–18 June Bonn sessions — UNFCCC subsidiary bodies (SB64) Bonn Done
  2. 18 June Berlin Climate Mobility Forum Berlin Done
  3. 22–23 June 9th Ministerial on Climate Action (MoCA) Brussels Done
  4. 1 July OECD Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum Paris Done
  5. 16–17 July D-8 meeting Istanbul Done
  6. 3–7 August São Paulo Climate Week São Paulo Done
  7. 17–28 August Desertification COP17 (UNCCD) Ulaanbaatar Done
  8. 8–11 September UNFCCC Climate Week Baku Done
  9. 20–27 September Climate Week NYC New York Done
  10. 5–8 October Pre-COP Fiji Done
  11. 2–8 November COP31 pre-sessional week Antalya Next
  12. 9–20 November COP31 Antalya Upcoming

Two-week structure

First week · 9–14 November Technical negotiations
  • Technical negotiations
  • Leaders’ Summit
  • Business Summit
Second week · 16–20 November The political decision week
  • Negotiations are finalised.
  • The Presidency takes stock with the Parties.

9 November: opening plenaries and adoption of the agendas. No item can be negotiated before its agenda is adopted, so the opening day is a political threshold, not a technical one. Until then, negotiations proceed informally.

Türkiye and Australia

Turkiye

  • Host country and COP31 President
  • Logistical and operational responsibility
  • Action agenda and High-Level Champion
  • High-Level Champion (HLC) for Türkiye: Samed Ağırbaş

Australia

  • President of negotiations
  • Negotiating agenda, text work and consultations
  • Negotiating focal point with the UNFCCC
  • Youth Champion: Sally Higgins

The joint model combines political ownership, strong negotiating capacity and a Pacific dimension. Holding the Pre-COP in the Pacific will make the region’s priorities visible.

The road to hosting

  1. 2022 · COP27Türkiye announced its COP31 candidacy at COP27 in 2022. Australia also stood as a candidate within WEOG at the same time.
  2. COP30 · agreementRoughly two years of diplomacy ended in agreement at COP30; Australia will preside over the negotiations.
  3. 2026 · AntalyaIt was agreed that COP31 will be held in Türkiye under Türkiye’s presidency. The Pre-COP will take place in Fiji.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

1992
Because of the harmful effects of human-induced climate change, 197 countries signed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Ultimate objective
Stabilise greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous human interference with the climate system.
2004
Türkiye became a Party to the Convention as an Annex I country.
1995 · 2015
The first COP met in Berlin in 1995; the Paris Agreement was adopted at COP21 in 2015.

A COP is not a fair or a conference: it is a decision-making body.

Thematic days · 9–20 November

For each day we matched the relevant sources and modules on the platform. Record counts are read live from this installation’s database and are not complete provider archives.

  1. 9 Nov Monday

    Day 1 · Opening day

    Food, Agriculture and Health

    Agriculture and food security, irrigation and water efficiency, food systems, climate change and health.

    On the platform: 11 sources · 246,200 records

    Evidence pipeline →Campus air quality →Source atlas →

  2. 10 Nov Tuesday

    Day 2

    Energy and Transport

    Energy security, electrification, grid infrastructure, energy diversity and efficiency, sustainable transport.

    On the platform: 13 sources · 387,182 records

    Maritime →Analytics →Source atlas →

  3. 11 Nov Wednesday

    Day 3

    Leaders’ Summit Day 1 – Zero Waste

    Resource efficiency, methane, circular economy.

    On the platform: 8 sources · 296,717 records

    Working groups →Source atlas →

  4. 12 Nov Thursday

    Day 4

    Leaders’ Summit Day 2 – Resilient Cities and the Built Environment

    Climate-friendly buildings, settlements and urban resilience, disaster-risk management and reduction, local government, smart cities, nature-based solutions, smart mobility, sustainable waste systems.

    On the platform: 15 sources · 341,428 records

    Ocean map →Indicators →Source atlas →

  5. 13 Nov Friday

    Day 5

    Finance and Trade

    Green transformation, climate-based investment, green finance, value chains, carbon markets.

    On the platform: 11 sources · 637,243 records

    Blue finance →Source atlas →

  6. 14 Nov Saturday

    Day 6

    Children, Youth, Education and Skills

    Climate literacy and education, green skills and the workforce, academia, curriculum development, lifelong learning.

    On the platform: 1 source · 23,939 records

    Library →AI Lab →Researchers’ forum →Questions & answers →Source atlas →

  7. 15 Nov Sunday

    Day 7 · Not a negotiating day

    A Breath in Antalya

    Social and cultural programmes.

  8. 16 Nov Monday

    Day 8

    Science, Industry and Technology

    Science, green industrialisation, technology and innovation, SMEs, digitalisation, artificial intelligence, low-carbon production.

    On the platform: 13 sources · 475,342 records

    AI Lab →IOCCG sensor catalogue →Data sources →

  9. 17 Nov Tuesday

    Day 9 · The day GOMD contributes to directly

    Ocean, Seas, Nature and Land Use

    Rio synergy: marine and coastal ecosystems, inland water ecosystems, coastal resilience, the blue economy, biodiversity and ecosystem services, forest and ecosystem restoration.

    On the platform: 17 sources · 570,109 records

    Ocean map →Indicators →Source atlas →Policy notes →

  10. 18 Nov Wednesday

    Day 10

    Humanitarian and Social Development

    Tourism, cultural heritage, employment and livelihoods, traditional and local knowledge, vulnerable groups, people with disabilities, women’s empowerment, just transition.

    On the platform: 7 sources · 540,859 records

    Policy notes →Working groups →Source atlas →

  11. 19 Nov Thursday

    Day 11

    Accelerating Implementation

    Institutional and technical capacity building, investment-ready projects, access to finance.

    On the platform: 8 sources · 251,278 records

    Blue finance →Source atlas →

  12. 20 Nov Friday

    Day 12 · Closing day

    Final Negotiations

    Negotiations are concluded; decisions are adopted by consensus at the closing plenary.

    Policy notes →Regulation →

COP31 Action Agenda · 10 priority areas

Six of the areas carry implementation targets for 2035, meant to turn goals into measurable, investable action; they are marked “2035 target”.

  1. 1 35%

    Clean Energy Transition and Electrification

    Reach a 35% electrification rate by 2035 and strengthen clean-energy infrastructure.

    2035 target

    Raise electricity’s share of final energy consumption to 35% by 2035, strengthening electrification as the third pillar of the energy transition alongside renewables and energy efficiency.

    On the platform: 8 sources · 279,666 records

    Maritime →Source atlas →

  2. 2 ≥50%

    Zero Waste and Methane Reduction

    Halve the growth in waste generation by 2035 and cut methane emissions.

    2035 target

    By promoting waste prevention, reuse and repair at source, cut the projected growth in global annual municipal solid waste by at least 50% by 2035.

    On the platform: 7 sources · 253,506 records

    Working groups →Source atlas →

  3. 3 −25%

    Climate-Resilient Cities

    Cut energy-use intensity in buildings by at least 25% by 2035.

    2035 target

    Aim to cut energy intensity in the building sector by at least 25%, and ideally 35%, by 2035.

    On the platform: 11 sources · 246,691 records

    Ocean map →Source atlas →

  4. 4 2030

    Youth and Education

    Strengthen young people’s participation in decision-making and climate literacy.

    2035 target

    Integrate climate change into education curricula by 2030 and build strong climate awareness across society by 2035.

    On the platform: 1 source · 23,939 records

    Library →Questions & answers →Researchers’ forum →Source atlas →

  5. 5

    Dynamic and Resilient Health Systems

    Develop climate-resilient health infrastructure and strengthen the One Health approach.

    On the platform: 3 sources · 48,204 records

    Campus air quality →Source atlas →

  6. 6

    Rio Synergy

    Strengthen coherence in implementation across the climate, biodiversity and land-degradation agendas.

    On the platform: 8 sources · 157,308 records

    Source atlas →

  7. 7 ≥15%

    Green Industrialisation

    Raise the circular material use rate in production to at least 15% by 2035.

    2035 target

    Raise the global circular material use rate in production and manufacturing to at least 15% by 2035, more than doubling today’s level.

    On the platform: 6 sources · 264,801 records

    Working groups →Source atlas →

  8. 8

    Oceans and Seas

    Support blue carbon, coastal resilience and the priorities of island states.

    On the platform: 12 sources · 465,015 records

    Ocean map →Indicators →IOCCG sensor catalogue →

  9. 9 NDC

    Climate Implementation Bridge (BRIDGE)

    Strengthen technical assistance, capacity building and implementation partnerships.

    2035 target

    Expand the Climate Implementation Bridge (BRIDGE) initiative by 2035 to speed up implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and build pipelines of investable projects.

    On the platform: 7 sources · 125,108 records

    Source atlas →

  10. 10

    Food Security

    Support climate-resilient agricultural systems and food security.

    On the platform: 8 sources · 197,996 records

    Evidence pipeline →Source atlas →

Decisions expected at COP31

Global Climate Action Agenda · six axes

Building on progress made at COP30, the COP31 Presidency is taking the Global Climate Action Agenda forward to strengthen implementation along these six thematic axes.

  1. Energy, industry and transport systems
  2. Nature, forests, oceans and biodiversity
  3. Agriculture and food systems
  4. Cities, infrastructure and water resilience
  5. Human and social development
  6. Finance, technology and capacity building

How the process works

Technical preparation in the subsidiary bodies feeds the political decision-making at the COP; decisions shape the next round.

  1. 1Technical preparationSBSTA and SBIMethodologies, inventories, review of implementation and draft texts. The subsidiary bodies meet twice a year: in Bonn in June and in the first week of every COP.
  2. 2Political steerCOP PresidencyThe Presidency sets the political tone, consults all Parties and steers the discussion towards areas of agreement.
  3. 3Formal decisionsCOP, CMA and CMPParties adopt decisions, rules and mandates. Decisions are taken by consensus.
  4. 4ImplementationFunds, bodies, SecretariatConstituted bodies and the financial mechanism turn decisions into action on the ground.

The cycle starts again every year. Decisions are taken by consensus, so every Party’s will is reflected in the text and the outcome is jointly owned.

Decision-making bodies

COP
Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCCThe UNFCCC’s supreme decision-making body
CMP
Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto ProtocolDecision-making body of the Kyoto Protocol
CMA
Meeting of the Parties to the Paris AgreementDecision-making body of the Paris Agreement
SBI · SBSTA
Subsidiary bodiesTechnical and implementation sessions; they cannot take decisions themselves, only agree conclusions

All Parties enjoy sovereign equality. The COP Presidency manages the negotiations as an impartial facilitator; the COP31 Presidency will take a facilitating role that strengthens multilateral trust and agreement.

Two tracks

Formal negotiations

  • Parties negotiate decisions, commitments and common rules.
  • Outcomes are agreed by consensus among all countries.
  • The only kind of outcome that is formally binding on states.
  • Headings: mitigation, adaptation, finance, loss and damage, technology, capacity building.

Action agenda

  • Not part of the formal negotiations, but key to turning their outcomes into action on the ground.
  • Works with cities, the private sector, civil society and finance actors to speed up implementation and deliver concrete results.
  • In recent years, action-agenda items have drawn more attention than the formal negotiations.

Decision-making by consensus

What consensus means

  • Consensus is the core decision-making method in the UNFCCC process.
  • Consensus does not mean unanimity: not every Party has to support every element of the text.
  • What matters is that no Party formally objects to the decision’s adoption.

At the moment of adoption

  • If a Party asks for the floor before adoption, the chair must ask explicitly whether it is objecting.
  • If a Party explicitly objects before adoption, the decision cannot be adopted.
  • After adoption, Parties may make statements, reservations or explanations of position; this does not undo the adoption.

Consensus is not every Party being happy with the whole text; it is no Party formally opposing the decision’s adoption.

1

It is built throughout

Consensus is not a moment at the closing plenary; it is built across the whole negotiation.

2

Inclusive participation is essential

All negotiating groups, the Parties concerned and countries outside the groups must be involved, or the objection “we were not consulted enough” may follow.

3

Timing is critical

Tabling politically sensitive text at the last minute is a major risk: Parties need time to study it and consult their capitals.

The Presidency’s role

  • The Presidency’s role is not to impose an outcome but to facilitate an agreement that reflects the Parties’ views in a balanced way.
  • At the closing plenary, the aim is no surprises.
  • Objections and red lines should be resolved before closing, in contact groups, informal consultations or bilateral meetings.

Possible outcomes of subsidiary-body sessions

The SBI and SBSTA cannot take decisions themselves; they can only agree conclusions.

  1. Best case: substantive conclusionsThe subsidiary body agrees substantive conclusions and, where needed, recommends a draft decision for adoption by the COP, CMP or CMA, which may consider and adopt it.
  2. Procedural conclusionsIf no substantive agreement is reached, Parties can agree to continue the item at a specified future session. The session and the basis for continuing (draft text, informal note, etc.) must be stated explicitly.
  3. Rule 16 (worst case)Applies when neither substantive nor procedural conclusions are reached. The item moves automatically to the next session’s agenda, but the work done and the draft texts do not. Chairs or co-facilitators who see this coming should suspend the meeting and seek procedural agreement.

Speaking order and time limits

Order at the opening and closing plenaries:

  1. G77 and China
  2. Other negotiating groups (EU, Umbrella Group, EIG, etc.)
  3. Individual Parties
5 minNegotiating groups
3 minIndividual Parties
2 minObserver organisations
  • Group representatives speaking first is established practice only at the opening and closing plenaries.
  • In contact groups and informal consultations, whoever asks for the floor first speaks first.
  • Microphones may be cut when speakers run over time.

Negotiating blocs

Türkiye: independent national position

In practice, negotiations run through blocs. Membership is voluntary and a country can belong to more than one group.

#GroupIn briefMain members
1G77 + ChinaGroup of 77 and ChinaMain coalition of developing countriesChina, Pakistan, Nigeria, Egypt, Indonesia and most African and Asian countries
2African GroupAfrican Group of NegotiatorsJoint platform of African countriesAll African countries (e.g. Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, South Africa)
3AOSISAlliance of Small Island StatesThe most climate-vulnerable countriesMaldives, Fiji, Samoa, Barbados, Tuvalu
4LDC GroupLeast Developed CountriesFocused on capacity and financeBangladesh, Nepal, Chad, Mozambique, Haiti
5LMDCLike-Minded Developing CountriesChampions the CBDR principleChina, India, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela
6European UnionEuropean UnionAdvocate of high climate ambitionGermany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland
7Umbrella GroupUmbrella GroupCoalition of developed countriesUnited States, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
8EIGEnvironmental Integrity GroupBridge-building negotiating groupSwitzerland, South Korea, Mexico, Georgia
9BASICBASIC countriesLarge emerging economiesBrazil, South Africa, India, China
10Arab StatesArab GroupBloc focused on the energy transitionSaudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Egypt
11AILACIndependent Association of Latin America and the CaribbeanReform-minded regional groupChile, Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica
12ALBABolivarian AllianceSolidarity-based regional blocVenezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua
13Rainforest CoalitionCoalition for Rainforest NationsFocus on forests and carbon sinksIndonesia, DR Congo, Papua New Guinea, Brazil
14LLDCsLandlocked Developing CountriesGeographically disadvantaged countriesKazakhstan, Ethiopia, Nepal, Paraguay
15Mountain GroupMountain GroupFocus on mountain ecosystemsSwitzerland, Nepal, Peru, Kyrgyzstan
16GRULAC CoordinationLatin American coordinationRegional coordination platformBrazil, Argentina, Mexico, Colombia

Türkiye’s position

  • A member of WEOG in the UN regional system, and also listed in the Asia-Pacific Group.
  • An Annex I Party with special status under the UNFCCC; it joined the Convention in 2004.
  • In practice it follows an independent national position on most issues.
  • This flexible position gives Türkiye a bridge-builder role, a strategic advantage in the COP31 process.

UN regional groups

Used mainly to nominate candidates for elected positions:

  • African Group
  • Asia-Pacific Group
  • Eastern European Group
  • Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
  • Western European and Others Group (WEOG)

Annexes to the Convention

Countries fall into three groups under the Convention. This division no longer reflects today’s realities.

Annex I · Developed countries42 countries + the EU (including Türkiye)Must limit their emissions, protect and enhance sinks, and report their measures and greenhouse-gas emission data to the Secretariat.
Annex II · Developed countries that provide finance23 countries + the EU (e.g. Japan)Must finance non-Annex I countries, transfer environmentally sound technologies to them and promote access to those technologies.
Non-Annex I · Developing countries153 countries (China, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Brazil, etc.)Have no emission-reduction obligations and can draw on international finance and technology support.

UNFCCC badge types and colours

  • RedHead of delegation
  • PinkNational delegate / Party
  • YellowCivil-society organisation / Observer
  • GreenObserver state
  • BlueUN agency observer
Party overflow
Attached to a government delegation; may attend sessions but cannot speak for the country.
UN overflow
Additional UN-system participants.
Host-country guest
Passes managed or sponsored by the host presidency.
Global Climate Action / Press / Media
Journalists and media representatives.
Courtesy and temporary passes
Short-term or special-purpose access.
Daily passes
A flexible option that lets organisations rotate their quota among nominated delegates on given dates.

Recent COPs

COPYearHostDatesParticipants
COP262021Glasgow, United Kingdom31 October – 13 November 2021~40,000
COP272022Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt6–20 November 2022~33,500
COP282023Dubai, United Arab Emirates30 November – 13 December 2023~85,000
COP292024Baku, Azerbaijan11–22 November 2024~55,000
COP302025Belém, Brazil10–21 November 2025~56,000–60,000
COP312026Antalya, Türkiye9–20 November 2026~100,000

  1. COP26 · Glasgow 2021

    • Glasgow Climate Pact
    • Adoption of the Paris Rulebook

  2. COP27 · Sharm El-Sheikh 2022

    • Finance at the centre of the negotiations
    • Agreement to set up a fund for climate-related loss and damage

  3. COP28 · Dubai 2023

    • First Global Stocktake (GST) concluded
    • Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable way (2050 horizon)
    • Tripling renewable energy and doubling energy efficiency
    • Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy
    • Loss and Damage Fund set up with about US$726 million in pledges
    • Food Systems Declaration
    • Just Transition Work Programme

  4. COP29 · Baku 2024

    The finance COP
    • Outer layer: US$1.3 trillion a year by 2035 from all public and private actors
    • Inner layer: New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) of US$300 billion a year by 2035
    • Carbon-market guidance completed for the Article 6.4 Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism
    • Loss and damage fund made operational
    • Lima work programme extended by 10 years
    • Roadmap for adaptation indicators agreed

  5. COP30 · Belém 2025

    Monitoring and accelerating implementation
    • Mitigation concept aligned with the 1.5°C goal
    • Accelerating global adaptation
    • Belém 1.5 Platform and the new Troika
    • Ministerial meeting on climate finance
    • Two-year climate-finance working group
    • Economic and trade elements; a 2028 high-level event
    • Highlights: the Belém Political Package / Mutirão decision, adaptation indicators, a just transition mechanism and two roadmaps

The Antalya EXPO campus

Blue Zone and Green Zone layout; transport, accommodation, accreditation and site operations.

1.2 million m²Conference campus
527,414 m²Blue Zone
582,244 m²Green Zone
100,000+Expected attendance across both zones
15–20 minAirport to venue
305 facilitiesAntalya accommodation base
66,500 roomsApproximate room capacity
6,500 vehiclesGeneral + VIP parking

Main axes of operational readiness

  1. VenueBlue/Green Zone
  2. TransportShuttle + public transport
  3. AccommodationOfficial platform
  4. AccreditationUNFCCC QRS
  5. SecurityHealth + UNDSS

Goal: run the venue, access, accommodation, registration, security, health and technical services seamlessly within one operational framework. The detailed operations plan will be finalised with the institutions concerned.

Preparation workstreams

  1. Venue and meeting-room management
  2. Transport, accommodation and city flow
  3. Security, accreditation and protocol
  4. Blue Zone / Green Zone / pavilions
  5. Press, health, digital infrastructure and volunteers
  6. Sustainable event management and waste plan

On site

  • COP31 tram station
  • Open car park 5,000 vehicles · VIP car park 1,500 · bus park 400
  • Heliport and VIP entrance
  • Zero Waste Village
  • Antalya–Mersin and COP31–Belek road links

Source: UNFCCC 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) briefing presentation, Bodrum, 2026 (in Turkish). Dates, targets and figures are as given in the presentation. Record counts are read from this installation’s database; the pairing of themes with sources is GOMD’s suggestion, not part of the presentation.